Studies show that IF promotes ketosis and thereby increases fat burn, boosts cognitive functioning1, reduces inflammation1, and may even boost longevity. But while all of these perks are awesome, there’s still one thing we’re a little confused about: What actually breaks a fast? While some articles say you must stick to straight water (and nothing else) during your fasting period to yield the benefits above, others say that coffee, tea, MCT oil, and even bone broth are all just fine—so what’s the actual deal? Even a few calories’ worth of food can inactivate some of fasting’s perks. According to Horne, some mechanisms behind fasting’s benefits, like ketosis (which increases fat burn), remain active with the consumption of certain macronutrients; but others, like autophagy, may or may not remain active. “In humans, it appears that autophagy does not remain as active when any food is consumed,” he says. But what if we’re talking about a measly 2 to 5 calories in a cup of tea or coffee? This ultra-low-calorie territory is where things get a little tricky. According to Horne, it likely needs to be a water-only fast to maintain the maximum benefit from autophagy. Others aren’t so sure we need to be quite this nitpicky, though. “I’ve heard good debates about whether coffee can break a fast. We don’t have any good evidence to show either way,” says Vincent Pedre, M.D., an integrative physician and gut health expert who frequently recommends intermittent fasting diets to his patients. “I would say if you’re drinking organic black coffee—no cream, no sweeteners—then you should be fine. That said, I would say stick to as close to zero calories as you can during your fasting hours with plenty of clean filtered water; herbal teas are also good.” Some foods maintain many of fasting’s benefits—while keeping you sane. So, many experts say it’s OK to consume certain caloric foods in small quantities to help you stick to an intermittent fasting plan. Case in point: To help patients stay happy and compliant with their fast, integrative physician Amy Shah, M.D., allows the consumption of 30 to 40 calories from sources that won’t spike blood sugar, like coffee or tea with a splash of unsweetened almond milk. “I call this ‘dirty fasting,’” says Shah. “For me, I like to fast as long as possible with just water—that might be 13 or 14 hours of a water fast—then I’ll have my tea with almond milk (the start of my ‘dirty fast’) and end at around 16 hours.” Even Horne agrees that some perks of fasting remain with minimal food intake: “One mechanism that is known to remain active when a small amount of food is consumed is ketosis—as long as you consume less than 50 grams of carbohydrates [in a day],” he says. “Some effects, such as the impact of fasting on the gut microbiome, may be different depending on whether it’s a water-only fast or a very-low-calorie diet with a small amount of food consumed, but both may provide some level of benefit when compared to eating a standard amount of food.” Integrative dietitian Ali Miller, R.D., appreciates a more flexible approach as well. “A fast is broken with consumption of food or a caloric substance; however, many people who enjoy the benefits of fasting and want to incorporate it as a daily ritual may take a more flexible approach such as a ‘fat fast’ using coconut oil, MCT oil, grass-fed butter, or cacao butter blended into a warm liquid during their fasted window.” Of course, not everything is on the table. Here, our experts elaborate on a few items that technically have calories (and technically break a fast) but still deliver on many of intermittent fasting’s perks: Interestingly, one animal study2 found that coffee actually induced autophagy in mice, but it’s not clear if autophagy would have been greater in the absence of all calories or if the results would have even been the same in humans. What we do know: In many cases, coffee and tea can make sticking to your fast that much easier. “Caffeine does have some benefits for fasting, such as appetite suppression. For some people, it can be the needle mover they need to stick with fasting,” says Pedre. “But if you’re drinking black coffee and notice you’re not getting results, I would suggest reducing or eliminating it and see if that helps.” More good news: Coffee and tea don’t interfere with fasting perks like ketosis and fat burn, and coffee may even help amplify some of fasting’s benefits such as improved insulin sensitivity3. This, which Miller calls a “fat fast,” technically breaks your fast and reduces autophagy to some extent but can effectively curb cravings while maintaining some of fasting’s key benefits. “A fat fast would be supportive for improving satiety—thereby helping you hold off on eating a true meal—and aiding in body fat metabolism and ketone production in the morning, at a time when insulin levels are typically elevated from morning cortisol surge,” says Miller. Without a dose of fat, these elevated insulin and cortisol levels may potentially trigger hunger or cravings and prompt you to eat. Bonus: A little fat in the morning can also help keep those bowels regular. Consuming a healthy form of fat during your fasting period may also be particularly beneficial if weight loss isn’t your main goal. “Low body fat levels can drive imbalances in hormones, so a ‘fat fast’ would be appropriate for people looking for moderate body composition changes or maintenance,” says Miller. For someone with more weight to lose, on the other hand, a pure water fast would be less likely to throw off hormones. The addition of a little fat to your fasting window may be even more important for certain women. “Because fat is required to produce hormones, a fat fast can also be a great technique to support healthy hormone balance for women dealing with adrenal fatigue or hypothyroidism,” says Miller. Even renowned intermittent-fasting expert Jason Fung, M.D., gives it a thumbs-up as a way to reduce hunger pangs and improve fasting compliance while delivering much-needed minerals and electrolytes. Consuming water alone, especially if your fast exceeds 16 hours, can reduce electrolyte levels in the body, leading to potential complications such as low blood pressure, confusion, nausea, muscle spasms, and fatigue. (Of course, if you don’t want to consume bone broth, Miller says you can simply add a couple of teaspoons of mineral-rich sea salt to your water.) Bone broth, rich in gelatin and the amino acid glutamine, can also be particularly beneficial if you’re looking to rebalance or heal the gut. Some research, however, shows that glutamine (and protein in general) fuels a process called mTOR, which prevents autophagy. So, you don’t want to overdo and continuously sip on bone broth (or coffee spiked with collagen powder) throughout your fasting hours. However, it would likely take more glutamine than you’d find in a mug of bone broth to negate these benefits altogether. So, if bone broth is the tool you need to stick to your fast, keep using it. “I’m not a fan of artificial sweeteners at all,” says Pedre. “Technically these have zero calories, so they would be ’legal’ during a fast, but we’ve seen how they can disrupt gut balance and cause lots more problems. I would steer clear of them altogether, and if you need a sweetener, use organic 100% stevia sparingly during fasting hours.” Miller agrees, explaining that even though something has zero calories, it can still negate some of fasting’s most significant benefits, including appetite control. “Just because something is noncaloric doesn’t mean it is free of metabolic influence,” says Miller. “The taste of sweet impacts GLP-1 receptors on the tongue, which enhances insulin release—this is not ideal, as insulin has a negative impact on fasting and may drive blood sugar drops.” And blood sugar drops, as we all know, can make us miserable and hangry. “A few issues that arise when people get super hungry during fasts are that they might not eat enough during eating hours, or they might be eating foods high in carbohydrates that spike and crash their blood sugar,” says B.J. Hardick, D.C. “Keeping a food journal can help ensure you’re eating enough of the right foods. If you’re doing both things correctly and still aren’t losing weight, dial back the fast an hour or two and see if that helps.”
